BookRxiv is an experimental open-access repository (Rxiv) designed for books and publications in the fields of arts, architecture, built environment, and design.
A few days after her arrival at Delft University of Technology (TU Delft) in August 2014, Carola Hein stood in the History floor overlooking the iconic orange staircase of the faculty building on one side and the Bouwpub on the other. The workspaces of the Chair History of Architecture and Urban Planning were completely empty. Wondering whether she had made the right decision to move the family across the ocean from the United States back to Europe, she pondered if and when colleagues would be settling in, what direction their shared research would take and how to organize the education in a school of architecture. In over 15 years as a professor at a liberal arts college in Pennsylvania, she had developed research and education from an interdisciplinary perspective with a focus on bachelor’s degree students. Highlights of that work were the 360o Program, a cluster of courses from across the curriculum that connected students and faculty to collectively explore contemporary challenges and opportunities for research and education on topics such as Perspectives on Sustainability, Disaster and Rebuilding in Japan and Space and Identity. Trained in architecture and urban planning with a love of history and heritage, she enjoyed the diversity of teaching in the Growth and Structure of Cities Program at Bryn Mawr. Collaborating with faculty in many different disciplines, she acquired broad experience in administration, research and education. But investigation and design of the built environment remained limited in the context of liberal arts education, and Hein was eager to come back to architecture and design and to teach at the master’s and PhD level. Educated in architecture faculties, she saw herself as belonging to the architects as an architectural historian. That meant connecting the lessons of the past to the present and to the design of the future. She was interested in bringing the spatial component to the natural and technical sciences, the social sciences and the humanities. The position as Chair History of Architecture and Urban Planning at TU Delft offered a unique opportunity to return to her disciplinary field of origin. This was not a completely new start, however. Most of the colleagues in the History Chair had worked at TU Delft for a long time and she had met many of them through her earlier research on European Architecture and Planning. Herman van Bergeijk and Cor Wagenaar shared her interest in European architectural and urban planning history. Research by other members of the Chair – Reinout Rutte on historic geospatial mapping, Everhard Korthals-Altes on the Dutch Golden Age and Charlotte van Wijk on the Chair collection – complemented her interests and offered the potential for shared research on connecting past, present and future through the lens of the built environment. Over the next ten years, the group evolved and colleagues arrived and departed. Rachel Lee brings an interest in decolonization, Vincent Baptist on mapping and health, Aart Oxenaar on Dutch architectural history, Yvonne van Mil on geospatial historical mapping, while John Hanna contributes as tutor and researcher to strengthen the link between history and design. Paolo De Martino serves as tutor to multiple courses. Many other researchers, postdocs and PhDs have evolved in collaboration with members of the Chair, developing new research and education lines. In a technical university, history is not a key discipline, which means that there is not much attention given to the teaching of this subject. The Chair has expanded the field of history as it has encouraged collaboration across departments, faculties and universities. Notable collaborations have taken place with colleagues from the Leiden, Delft, Erasmus (LDE) universities on heritage and port cities. As part of this university consortium, the History Chair has connected with other universities and Hein has the honor of serving as a professor at Leiden University and Erasmus University and as UNESCO Chair Water, Ports and Historic Cities. The desire to combine historical analysis with future planning is especially evident in the Chair’s role in the PortCityFutures Center, which focuses on how relationships between port and city have changed over time, from the local to the regional scale. The goal is to understand the implications of these historic relations for future developments. The group also collaborates with other institutions to spearhead research on adaptive strategies for water heritage and most recently developed a new open access peer-reviewed publication, Blue Papers. The output of the Chair includes academic and professional publications—books and journals—as well as exhibitions, debates and conferences, online open courses such as (Re)Imagining Port Cities and Water Works, and serious games such as Water Values. Members of the Chair develop and apply digital tools, including augmented reality platforms and apps for the automated recognition of architectural and urban forms. Through a focus on port city territories, water systems, mapping, and the relation between history, heritage, past, present and future, explorations of colonial and postcolonial conditions, of multiple scales from chairs to territory, we have managed to put the Chair History of Architecture and Urban Planning and all the members of the group at the forefront of historical investigation of the built environment.
Copyright (c) 2026 Carola Hein, Herman van Bergeijk https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The familiar topic of production is the analytical and conceptual lens of this book. Yet, both the premise and outlook of all three chapters together hopefully determine a prismatic research perspective. Its points of view are quite expansive. Taken together, the three chapters can be read as different but parallel articulations of a shared problem: how to confront the compulsion to build that subtends architectural and planning disciplines. This issue is presented as transversal to design: it is tackled from different “scales.” Chapter I posits the notion of unproduction as a theoretical and ethical necessity, drawing out a continuity between architecture, urbanism and territorial planning to highlight their common productivist logic. Chapter II suggests unproductive activity as a source of spatial and political value in the urban public realm, focusing more on urban design and ecological urbanism. Chapter III, in dialogue with Charlotte Malterre-Barthes, situates the moratorium as a practical, pedagogical, and political opening that insists on the feasibility—and the urgency—of stopping construction here and now. This chapter revolves around architecture, or rather around the legal tools that make architecture a matter of politics and therefore bring it closer to the field of planning. While their focus is similar rather than identical, therefore, the three chapters of this book share a common demand, namely, the need nowadays, amid social and ecological injustices and violence, to produce less and thus build less. This stance, by no means, wishes to recall the functionalism or minimalism proper to “less is more” arguments. Instead, this book wishes to join calls, originating from many disciplinary fields, to discuss this collective urgency, and thus political tension. Unproduction is the coordinate that stems from and describes this necessity and an unproductive activity is only one among many cautious answers that might be offered. In this sense, production is central to the pages that follow only insofar as it is the object of a critique which, necessarily, extends over to our current economic and political system—capitalism.
Copyright (c) 2025 Elena Dorato, Richard Lee Peragine https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Agenda 3-30-300 project, initiated and led by Placemaking Western Balkans (PWB) in collaboration with WWF Adria and the EU4You program, was developed to popularise and critically examine the significance of the 3-30-300 principle in the Balkans and Southeast Europe. Conceived as both a research and educational initiative, the project stands at the intersection of academic knowledge, professional practice, and civic engagement, aiming to translate a globally recognised principle into actionable local strategies. The 3-30-300 principle, developed within the framework of the Dutch Nature-Based Solutions Institute under the leadership of Professor Cecil Konijnendijk, has gained increasing attention worldwide as a simple yet effective guideline for greening cities and improving public health. It requires every resident to have three trees visible from their window, 30% canopy cover in each neighbourhood, and a maximum distance of 300 m to the nearest green space. Multiple international studies have confirmed that access to greenery improves mental health, reduces stress, encourages physical activity, mitigates the urban heat island effect, and strengthens social cohesion. In the long term, investing in urban nature reduces public health and infrastructure costs. In Belgrade, where grey infrastructure continues to expand at the expense of green spaces and access to quality greenery remains uneven, the adoption of the 3-30-300 principle represents a significant step towards sustainable urban development. By re-centring nature in the design and management of public spaces, the principle provides a regenerative approach to urban transformation, where shade, biodiversity, and accessibility are understood as essential infrastructure. Within this broader mission, the Agenda 3-30-300 project has established itself as a platform for exchanges between students, academics, practitioners, and citizens. Its activities include international student workshops, expert interviews, and public exhibitions. Importantly, the International Student Workshop on the 3-30-300 Agenda was organised in connection with the International Academic Conference on Places and Technologies (PT25), providing a strong academic framework and fostering dialogue between emerging professionals and leading experts in the field. The exhibition “Greening the Cities – The 3-30-300 Principle in Action”, hosted at the Impact Hub Belgrade, marked a significant milestone in the project. It showcased the work of international student teams who, through visual narratives, illustrated how three distinct Belgrade neighbourhoods could be transformed by applying this principle. Serving as a public translator of the project’s findings, the exhibition highlighted how small, incremental, and locally tailored interventions—tree rows, pocket parks, rain gardens, green roofs, and vertical greenery— could enhance everyday life and ecological functioning in urban areas. By combining European perspectives, local expertise, and citizen participation, Agenda 3-30-300 positions Belgrade within the global movement for greener, healthier, and more equitable cities. The project demonstrates that a city where every child sees a tree from their window, every park is within walking distance, and every neighbourhood enjoys shade and greenery is prepared to withstand the challenges of climate change.
Copyright (c) 2025 Milena Vukmirović https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
In the face of escalating climate challenges, "SOS Climate Waterfront" emerges as a compilation of strategies that bridges the gap between climate change challenges and urban waterfront planning. Through a collaborative effort supported by the Horizon 2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant, this book brings together thoughts and findings from experts across fields like architecture, urban planning, and environmental science. The book explores innovative ways to make cities along waterfront more resilient against climate threats. It showcases projects and strategies that combine the old with the new, ensuring that cities can withstand future climate impacts while maintaining their cultural essence and boosting community life. It aims to spark a transformation in how waterfront cities cope with climate change. As sea levels rise and flooding becomes more frequent, it's crucial for urban planners, architects, and policymakers to rethink how cities can adapt. This book fills the crucial need for a modern guide that integrates cultural heritage with sustainable urban development, presenting a unified approach to climate adaptation. "SOS Climate Waterfront" tackles the pressing issue of enhancing urban resilience along waterfronts. It guides readers through understanding the risks, opportunities, and innovative strategies necessary for developing sustainable cities that are ready for future climate conditions. This book is designed to be both practical and inspiring, offering a roadmap for integrating environmental care with urban development, ensuring cities not only survive but thrive in the face of climate challenges. It serves as a tool for those involved in city planning and community building, enriching their projects with forward-thinking approaches and sustainable practices.
Copyright (c) 2024 Pedro Garcia; Alkmini Paka, Lina Suleiman, Anastasia Tzaka, Maria Rita Pais, Claudia Mattogno, Tullia Valeria Di Giacomo, Katarina Larsen, Lucyna Nyka, Justyna Borucka https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
This book marks the commencement of a series of projects and initiatives initiated by the Research-on-Education-Innovation programme at the Faculty of Architecture & the Built Environment, Delft University of Technology, at the conclusion of the 2010s. These initiatives, including the call for contributions to this volume, sought to address pertinent questions that would engage the interests of our colleagues. The primary objectives of these inquiries were to foster innovative, cross-disciplinary approaches in architecture and built environment education. We sought to bridge the gap between theory and practice, encouraging students to engage with both historical contexts and contemporary challenges. Additionally, we explored the potential of educational settings as laboratories for spatial and societal transformation. Furthermore, we examined the development of technical skills and academic skills, such as critical thinking and reflection, among design students. Finally, we addressed the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, including the need for flexible and collaborative learning frameworks and learning environments. Many colleagues responded positively to the call for contributions. After several rounds of review and feedback by the book editors, the submitted papers have been organized into two thematic parts of this volume. We extend our sincere gratitude to all contributing authors for their support and patience, and to the 4TU Centre for Engineering Education, which warmly supports our Faculty’s Research-on-Education-Innovation programme and this book project.
Copyright (c) 2025 Remon Rooij, Roberto Cavallo, Frank van der Hoeven https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
To address the current housing shortage in the Netherlands, approximately 90,000 new homes need to be added to the housing stock annually. Adaptive reuse of vacant buildings for housing contributes to achieve this aim. Until around 2014, adaptive reuse was seen as a solution to office market vacancy, which surged from around 5% nationwide in 2001 to nearly 15% in 2013. The high vacancy rates were partly a result of the dotcom crisis and the financial crisis. These crises, along with technological advancements and an increase in flexible working, led to a reduced need for office space, while an oversupply of office buildings was developed and constructed. After 2014, a tipping point became apparent. Adaptive reuse was increasingly driven by the demand side of the housing market rather than the supply side of the office market. The focus on sustainable construction and the greening of the existing building stock increased. In the publication preceding this book Transformatie van kantoorgebouwen (Adaptive reuse of offices) from 2007, sustainability was hardly mentioned. At most, adaptive reuse was noted as inherently sustainable because the building was reused. However, due to rising energy costs, the costs of building materials, and the climate crisis, sustainability aspects such as energy-efficiency, circularity, and adaptability have become much more important, though they are not yet fully applied in the market. Currently, the Netherlands has a high demand for housing, and at the same time many buildings remain vacant. Numerous urban areas comprise outdated office buildings that are no longer in demand or in (full) intended use. Across the country, churches are increasingly left vacant due to aging populations and secularisation. Industrial real estate loses its function as industries relocate from city centres to more accessible locations or abroad. School buildings are left empty as neighbourhoods age. Hospitals are vacated due to new concepts and scaling up of healthcare. Retail space is becoming vacant due to centralisation and online shopping. Thus, buildings originally constructed for these (and other) purposes can be adapted into housing. The fusion of old and new buildings can potentially contribute to preserving local identity. When architecturally interesting buildings are involved, adaptive reuse also contributes to preserve cultural heritage. Adaptive reuse can support the greening of the building stock, reduce demolition waste and the use of raw materials. Moreover, adaptive reuse could contribute 10-15% to annual housing production. The conclusion seems logical: adapt vacant buildings into housing. But it's not that simple. The owners of vacant properties and housing developers are not always able to agree on feasible plans for the building’s future destination. Adaptive reuse is different from new construction and therefore requires a different approach. There are also various financial, economic, legal, and policy challenges, such as uncertainty about financial feasibility and fear of lengthy procedures. This is why we have taken the initiative to publish this book now, at a time when we are amid both a housing crisis and a climate crisis. With this book, we aim to provide more insight into the opportunities and challenges of adaptive reuse. We give voice to actors who have gained experience from different perspectives, and we discuss projects that showcase the breadth of Dutch adaptive reuse practices. This book was written by researchers from the TU Delft, but also various experts from industry contributed. This has resulted in a wide range of themes. Adaptive reuse is examined from different angles, with a focus on feasibility. We then discuss adaptive reuse as a sustainable design, development, and management strategy. The role of different actors is highlighted in the perspectives section: property owners, investors, developers, as well as housing associations, architects, users, and governments. Finally, we present a number of adaptive reuse projects to illustrate best practices.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hilde Remøy, Gerard van Bortel, Erwin Heurkens, Roeli van Venrooij https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The pressing challenges of climate change, reduction of available material and skilled labor for construction, have given a big input to the development of advanced manufacturing, declined in the triad of additive manufacturing, subtractive manufacturing and robotic platforms. Additive Manufacturing (AM) has held its promise of mass customization, from the component scale to full building scale, providing the imagination that each component could be tailored to specific needs without significantly affecting its production costs or time. Today we are witnessing, that while, perhaps, complete dwellings have not been additively manufactured, certainly there have been few houses and neighbourhoods, having their walls fully 3D printed. We have seen them, to be developed in a variety of materials, from concrete, having the largest share, to earthen and bio-based now starting to appear. Bringing to the resurge of the traditional materials, as well opening up to a nearly infinite exploitation of innovative materials, which can be tailored to use organic compounds, to achieve thermal, acoustic and structural performance on demand. The definition, prediction and assessment of the performance of those advanced manufactured materials, components, buildings and infrastructures is enabling to refine AM and the development of new architectural tectonics. Numerical and Virtual simulations are enabling prediction and testing of manufacturing stages, in use performances, and life cycle assessments to measure innovation versus current sustainable development goals. Lately, we are also witnessing the manifestation of the (once) utopian dream of having machines, and robots around us building up components, and full structures. How far are we from the Plug-in City envisioned by the Archigram or by the Gramazio & Kohler urban forms resulting from robotic logics rather than human hands? Perhaps, we are still quite distant by their complete realization, but robotic agents are becoming real in the construction realm. From robotic systems assembling components, to platforms automating repetitive tasks, to digital twins sensing the cities, and drones constructing in harsh environments, we are witnessing growing human-robotic interactions. Therefore, this book presents and discusses upon the latest research in the field of advanced manufacturing for the building realm, simulation for the advancement of customized properties of AM components, and robotic manufacturing of construction systems developed across a vivid network of researchers based in European Universities. We hope this book can stimulate reflection about the current and future trends in construction automation, with a strong emphasis on their architectural quality, forms of tectonics, and achievable performances. We hope some or many of these, research-based innovation will soon show their full application in construction industry!
Copyright (c) 2025 Ornella Iuorio, Alexander Wolf, Bruno Figueiredo, Ulrich Knaack, Paulo J.S. Cruz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
As humanity becomes aware of the impacts of climate change and mobilizes to address the inescapable challenges of increasing resource scarcity and of protecting the planet from the damage caused by human activities, innovation becomes a key tool for rethinking our lifestyles and consumption models – that is, the organization of our societies. If it is true at the global level that water crises will inevitably escalate in coming decades, the kind of innovation that we adopt must consider future generations. Our goal should be to leave them an environment that respects biological diversity and ecosystems – where all forms of life coexist in natural balance – thereby ensuring a healthy environment for human communities as well. If, then, the innovative approach is absolutely fundamental to overcoming a water and climate crisis that is unprecedented in human history, why not also consider what sustainability lessons we can learn from the development models that have preceded us, with a view also to learning from mistakes that have been made? Why not take a look, then, at those traditional knowledge and water management systems that we have often been so quick to relegate to the past - but which are actually the result of extraordinary social, cultural and technological innovations? On closer inspection, in fact, these are solutions that have been “tested” over centuries and whose sustainability has been witnessed by countless generations residing in the most diverse ecosystem on earth. The uncritical application of new technologies risks the extinction of contemporary ways of life and social organizations that, by their very nature, are ecological and deeply respectful of nature. These are practices inherited from the past that we should take as models for rethinking our future systems of production and resource use. Here, then, is where this thematic issue of Blue Papers dedicated to AHTs proves to be of fundamental help in rethinking current development models. The various contributions included here show concrete historical cases that can inspire new solutions based certainly on innovative technologies but anchored, at the same time, in that wise hydro-vision of centuries-old social practices of water management. These are practices that demonstrate a forward-looking coexistence with the ecosystems on which life depends – an important basis of a healthy and clean environment. ADASA is convinced that this is the right approach and it is with this in mind that we are working to realize our MINA Water Memorial project in Brasilia – a water museum that adheres to the UNESCO-IHP principles implemented by the Global Network of Water Museums. In this water museum, we intend to create a state-of-the-art exhibition space to give voice to management models based on ancient hydro-technologies. Indeed, museums represent a powerful medium of science communication, capable of translating complex scientific concepts into compelling narratives that resonate with audiences. Such an exhibition on ancient hydro-technologies will showcase concrete examples as a platform for dialogue, discussion and sharing among government agencies, civil society, environmental associations and business to build a more just and equitable future. In this spirit, ADASA intends to continue its efforts, also through MINA, for fostering holistic and multidisciplinary reflections for action that rely on forward-looking sources of knowledge for integrated governance of water and heritage.
Copyright (c) 2025 Carola Hein, Zuzanna Sliwinska, Matteo D’Agostino https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Pregledi održivosti i otpornosti građene sredine
Održiva i otporna građena sredina je složen sistem čije se značenje kontinualno razvija. Cilj ove publikacije je da problemu održivosti i otpornosti pristupi kroz sistematsko istraživanje različitih segmenata i razmera izgrađenog okruženja, odnosno da predstavljanjem preglednih radova (poglavlja), među kojima je uspostavljena odgovarajuća funkcionalna veza, podstakne razvoj specijalizovanog znanja, podigne kritičku svest o potrebi za interdisciplinarnim i transdiciplinarnim istraživanjem i ojača vezu između univerzitetskog obrazovanja i naučnog istraživanja. Analiza razvoja održivosti i otpornosti, istraživanje aktuelnih pitanja i predviđanja o mogućoj održivoj i otpornoj budućnosti zajedno omogućavaju sveobuhvatno razumevanje ovih koncepata i njihovih međusobnih odnosa u kontekstu građene sredine. Publikacija je izbor recenziranih radova, objavljenih na engleskom jeziku u okviru tematske serije pod naslovom Reviews of Sustainability and Resilience of the Built Environment for Education, Research and Design. I pomenuta serija i ova publikacija predstavljaju rezultate Erazmus+ projekta Stvaranje mreže laboratorija znanja za održive i otporne sredine (skr. en. KLABS), koji je posvećen uspostavljanju sveobuhvatne obrazovne platforme u okviru drugog ciklusa visokog obrazovanja na prostoru zapadnog Balkana. Širi cilj svih KLABS publikacija je bio da se razviju pregledi održivosti i otpornosti građene sredine, korisni za studente, nastavnike, istraživače i stručnjake koji se ovim važnim temama bave na međunarodnom nivou. Publikacija se sastoji iz dva dela. Prvi se bavi održivošću i otpornošću urbanog prostora a drugi nivoom zgrada. Istraživanje počinje teorijskim pregledom istorijske i savremene debate o problemu urbanizacije u svrhu razumevanja i novih tumačenja (urbane) održivosti. Zatim se tumače poreklo, istorija i razvoj koncepta otpornosti, evolucija njegove definicije, tipovi i ključni principi. U trećem poglavlju istraživanje je usmereno na neka fundamentalna pitanja u okviru socio-kulturološke ravni građene sredine. Sledeće poglavlje pruža pregled pojmova i strategija koncepata „efikasnosti resursa“ i „otpornosti“, prikazuje njihova zajednička područja delovanja, kao i potencijalne protivrečnosti i suprotnosti, u svrhu nalaženja uzajamne ravnoteže i davanja doprinosa ispunjavanju širih ciljeva održivosti. Istraživanje alternativnih modela potrošnje, potrebnih za postizanje održivih urbanih transformacija, predstavlja predmet petog poglavlja u okviru ove publikacije. U nastavku se pažnja usmerava na rekonstrukciju trenutnog naučnog istraživanja i nalaženje ograničenja i mogućnosti inicijativa koje su do sada preduzete, kao i na sintezu metodoloških i praktičnih predloga, kako bi se javnoj upravi i lokalnim organima ponudio „praktičan način” stvaranja efikasnijih klimatskih politika i planova. „Pouka Milana”, u sedmom poglavlju, pokazuje kako aktivno uključivanje poljoprivrednika može pomoći javnim politikama, štiteći zajedničko dobro u teškim okolnostima i dajući povod za alternativne načine planiranja; ona naročito može da inspiriše istraživanje u kontekstima gde su otvoreni prostori oko gradova ugroženi, a uključivanje u proces donošenja odluka predstavlja cilj koji treba postići. U poslednjem poglavlju prvog dela elaboriraju se definicija, klasifikacija i kritička analiza uticaja braunfilda na okruženje i definišu ciljevi održivosti koje treba postići kroz njihovu obnovu i ponovni razvoj. Drugi deo publikacije počinje uspostavljanjem veze između efikasnog korišćenja prirodnih resursa i smanjenja ekoloških uticaja zgrada. Ovde se daje pregled sadašnjih trendova i izazova u pogledu upotrebe energije, materijala, vode i zemljišta i promišljaju mogući scenariji efikasne budućnosti u kojoj bi šire socijalne i ekonomske sheme postale relevantnije za uspešno projektovanje ekološki ispravnih zgrada. Fokus se, zatim, usmerava na analizu složenosti i dinamike klimatskih promena kao ključnih faktora u oblikovanju strategija za projektovanje zgrada otpornih na delovanje klime. Na osnovu značaja sagledanih rizika, varijabilnosti i neizvesnosti u vezi sa klimatskim promenama izvodi se opšti projektantski okvir, obrazlaže značenje termina „transponovani regionalizam“ i diskutuje odnos između otpornosti i adaptacije zgrada u (ne)izvesnoj klimatskoj budućnosti. U trećem poglavlju drugog dela istražuju se međusobni odnosi održive arhitekture i arhitekture otporne na promenu klime tako što se upoređuju njihovi osnovni postulati i analiziraju ključni ciljevi, kroz prizmu uzajamnih (ne)konzistentnosti. Sledeće poglavlje obrazlaže hijerarhijski pristup projektovanju održivih zgrada i daje pregled niza aktivnih i pasivnih projektantskih mera koje su, pre svega, u funkciji postizanja energetske efikasnosti, poput toplotne zaštite, ostvarivanja solarnih dobitaka, disipacije toplote, generisanja toplote, aktivnog ventilisanja i hlađenja, kao i generisanja električne energije iz obnovljivih izvora. Energetska svojstva i toplotni komfor u zgradama, u petom poglavlju drugog dela, razmatrani su sa aspekta uticaja materijala. Na primeru karakterističnih tipova stambenih zgrada sa područja Beograda, koje su prikazane i analizirane, razmatran je stepen zadovoljavanja ukupnih zahteva komfora, kao i međuzavisnost koja postoji između različitih tipova komfora (toplotnog, vazdušnog, zvučnog i svetlosnog). Poslednje poglavlje prikazuje činjenice i primere koji su relevantni za razumevanje i primenu metodologije ocene životnog ciklusa u različitim projektantskim i inženjerskim okvirima. Ovde se detaljno analizira struktura metode ocene životnog ciklusa (en. Life Cycle Assessment – LCA), koja se koristi za kvantifikovanje ekoloških uticaja.
Copyright (c) 2018 Saja Kosanović, Nevena Novaković, Alenka Fikfak https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The international conference Ground(s): Mapping, designing and caring: Towards a convivial society, held in December 2021 at the Department of Architecture of the University of Bologna, represents an intellectual activity, that transcends traditional academic boundaries. Emerging from the idea of the candidates of the PhD 35th cycle in Architecture and Design Cultures - Unibo: Hanna Elisabet Åberg, Irene Cazzaro, Carlo Costantino, Federico Diodato, Javier Pérez Puchalt, Laura Rivaroli, Ludovica Rosato, Giulia Turci, and Yunyu Ouyan, this conference is one of the annual appointments, developed by PhD candidates to open a discussion on topics of interdisciplinary nature, useful for expanding knowledge and research goals, carried out within doctoral research and within the Department of Architecture of Unibo. The aim of these conferences is to highlight that contemporary challenges require a fundamentally integrated approach, fundamental paradigms of spatial understanding, moving far beyond conventional disciplinary constraints, showing a growing understanding that the complex problems of our era, as environmental degradation, social fragmentation, and technological disruption, cannot be addressed through narrow, specialized perspectives. In this light, the concept of Ground(s) emerged as a rich, multidimensional metaphor that simultaneously encompasses physical, social, ecological, and philosophical terrains. It represents more than a mere physical surface; instead, it becomes a dynamic interface where human activities, technological innovations, ecological systems, and cultural practices continuously intersect and negotiate their relationships. This conceptualization challenges traditional notions of space as a static, passive background and instead proposes an active, and responsive understanding of spatial interaction. This publication thus becomes more than a mere collection of academic papers. It represents the research for a new approach to understanding our environment, that recognizes the profound interconnectedness of human and non-human systems, that embraces complexity and uncertainty, and that proposes creative, adaptive strategies for addressing global challenges. The contents emerging from this conference suggests that the most innovative solutions will arise not from disciplinary expertise, but from the fertile ground between disciplines, where different ways of knowing and seeing can dialogue, conflict, and ultimately generate new insights. The University of Bologna’s PhD program in Architecture and Design Cultures has always pursued and promoted, while recognizing the identity of the specific disciplines, a model of interdisciplinary education, demonstrating how academic institutions can serve as laboratories for social and intellectual innovation. By creating spaces where architectural composition, urban studies, historical research, aesthetic theory, design practices, cultural heritage studies, and technological innovation can intersect, the program challenges traditional academic boundaries combining fundamentals and applied research in an interdisciplinary perspective. The research activity is therefore developed according to thematic areas that, given the nature of the PhD program, aim to develop studies in the field of architecture and design cultures as wide as possible. The organization of annual doctoral conferences becomes a training activity for PhD students who collaboratively develop a cultural event that addresses project cultures as comprehensively as possible. The international conference Ground(s) - Mapping, designing and caring: Towards a convivial society, which follows those organized in previous years as: The Matter of Future Heritage; CHANCES. Practices, spaces and buildings in cities’ transformation; The Ecological Turn. Design, architecture, and aesthetics beyond "Anthropocene", once again focuses on topical matters trying to open a debate on contemporary issues. The conference’s three primary tracks: Mapping, Designing, and Caring, provide a systematic framework for understanding and transforming our relationship with space and environment. Mapping goes beyond traditional cartographic practices, utilizing advanced technologies to reveal complex, often invisible networks of relationship and interaction. Designing transcends mere aesthetic or functional considerations, proposing adaptive, flexible approaches that anticipate future challenges and embrace systemic complexity. Caring introduces a profound ethical dimension, challenging anthropocentric perspectives and advocating for a more symbiotic relationship with our environments. Particularly significant was the conference’s timing, emerging in the aftermath of the global COVID-19 pandemic, a moment that dramatically exposed the vulnerabilities of our existing social and spatial structures. The pandemic revealed the fragility of our interconnected systems while simultaneously highlighting the critical importance of community, adaptability, and resilience. By focusing on the concept of Conviviality, the conference envisioned a transformative reconfiguration of spatial and social dynamic, moving beyond isolation and competition toward more collaborative, supportive modes of coexistence. Keynote speakers invited by PhD candidates at the Ground(s) conference brought extraordinary depth and diversity to the discussion: Paola Viganò from the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (Switzerland) and Università IUAV di Venezia (Italy), with her cutting-edge research in urban planning, offered insights into territorial design that challenge conventional urban development models; Roberto Scopigno from the Institute of Information Science and Technology “Alessandro Faedo” (ISTI), Italian National Research Council, demonstrated his expertise in digital humanities and how technological innovation can transform our understanding of spatial and cultural landscapes; Beatrice Lampariello from the Université Catholique de Louvain (Belgium) provided critical perspectives on global spatial dynamics through her comparative studies on radical architecture; John Martin from the University of Plymouth (UK) illuminated the intricate relationships between design, culture, and social transformation through his research. In essence, the Ground(s) conference and its resulting publication move beyond established academic discourse. The work presents a provocative invitation to reimagine spatial, environmental, and interpersonal relationships, challenging conventional perspectives by embracing complexity, cultivating systemic empathy, and proposing more responsive, resilient, and collaborative conceptual frameworks for future design.
Copyright (c) 2024 Hanna Elisabet Åberg, Irene Cazzaro, Carlo Costantino, Federico Diodato, Javier Pérez Puchalt, Laura Rivaroli, Ludovica Rosato, Giulia Turci, Yunyu Ouyang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Last summer, the Day of the New Architect provided us with a good reason to reflect on the 15 years of aE, assess our development in Architecture and Technology and identify opportunities for the future. How are we passing on knowledge, and where do our alumni go from there? What skills do students nowadays require for their professional lives? Form follows Technology Initially, aE focused heavily on developments in technical and manufacturing domains. For example, early projects emphasized the polyvalent facade and the possibilities of parametric design. For students, this inspired the creation of industrially engineered projects where the beauty of these projects lay in the architectural translation of engineering concepts. They were characterized by the principle of form follows function, dictated by the technology deployed and the ideology of the time, resulting in unique and exceptional designs. Design as research With the growing emphasis on sustainability and significant social challenges we must face, our approach has evolved. Navigating through technical possibilities and exploring their holistic potential became the central methodology of the studio. This systemic approach led to numerous inspiring projects, such as transforming the industrial city of Parkstad into Garden City 2.0, learning from do-it-yourself initiatives and community-based strategies in Bandung/Indonesia, and harnessing innovation for the Marineterrein in Amsterdam. Various experimental sites and living labs in both rural, and urban environments across the globe have served as inspiration for developping strategies and visions for these projects. Moreover, we engaged with stakeholders like the Amsterdam Medical Centre and the government to explore case studies from their existing building stocks. Students investigated opportunities for renewal within these vast structures, focusing on benefits for users, the community, and the very architecture of these constructions. What open design can do Both existing building structures and new building systems have become architectural experiments. Emphasizing circular and adaptive design opens opportunities to enhance the sustainability of construction. How can intelligent standardisation lead to quality architecture? What material applications are conceivable? What expression is possible? In Open Building (p. 6), we explore the structure and components, their coherence, and quality. In Second Life (p. 14), the focus shifts to strategies addressing social issues like social cohesion, energy transition, and biodiversity. Harvest (p. 18) considers ecosystems, material use, and flows, in relation to reuse and renewable resources for creating quality architecture. Across all scales, the Paris goals are rigorously examined, from structure to nail. This makes tools like parametric design and solutions such as the polyvalent façade more relevant than ever. However, as designers, we must add meaning and value to these tools and solutions, connecting to both the context and the user needs and setting the parameters for good design.
Copyright (c) 2024 Anne Snijders, Mo Smit, Masja Rietveld, Emilia Bonniot https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
With over 40 years of experience as a lecturer, architect and driver of architectural policy, Thijs Asselbergs looks ahead in About the new architect. In response to conversations with students, Asselbergs shares his personal perspective on the profession and explains how ‘the new architect’ should be shaped. In 2008, when Thijs Asselbergs had just taken up his position as professor at Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), the investment bank Lehman Brothers collapsed. It ushered in the financial crisis, which had an enormous impact on the construction industry and architecture. Over half of the architects at the time lost assignments or quit altogether. This led to a rise in small architectural firms with all kinds of new forms of collaboration. What does the future of architecture look like after that turbulent history? Which challenges await the current generation of architects in times of far-reaching economic and climatic changes? And what is the difference between the old and the new architect?
Copyright (c) 2023 Thijs Asselbergs https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Throughout his career, Herman van Bergeijk built his own unique expertise on the Dutch 19th and early 20th century architectural history. He has become an inspiration for scholars in the Netherlands, Europe and beyond. The extraordinary response of colleagues when asked to contribute a chapter in this Festschrift stands as an example of Herman’s widespread influence. Invitations for keynotes and lectures or courses keep reaching him, and he will continue to teach and write. He has an open invitation to teach in China and still bubbles with ideas for yet another new publication series or journal. Several PhD students continue to rely on his guidance and will keep him engaged at the faculty. Herman thrives on lively discussions, in which he often plays devil’s advocate and tries to be as contrary as possible. I am convinced that we will continue to collaborate and battle on diverse topics, notably the role of history in the design of future architecture. Retirement is just another step in Herman’s career.
Inaugural Speeches and Other Studies in the Built Environment
Copyright (c) 2020 Sjoerd van Faassen, Carola Hein; Phoebus Panigyrakis https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Charles Prosper Wolff Schoemaker & Vincent Van Romondt
In this booklet, the architectural theorist and Professor at York University Abidin Kusno discusses two lectures given by two influential professors in the former Dutch colony of Indonesia. The first one, ‘The aesthetics of architecture and the art of the moderns’, was given by C. Wolff Schoemaker in 1930. The second, entitled ‘Towards an Indonesian Architecture’, was delivered by Vincent Van Romondt in 1954. Schoemaker and Van Romondt held different views on the challenges of architecture in the world as well as in Indonesia. They nevertheless both sought to bring the notion of modernism and tradition into the context of their time. The lectures are published here for the first time in English.
Copyright (c) 2020 Abidin Kusno https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Who were Le Corbusier’s photographers? The question is seldom asked yet is germane to understanding the architect’s work. Le Corbusier used photography to promote modern architecture in ways no others did. He directed the photography of his buildings, selected the images that he liked, cropped them, abstracted them, and placed them on the pages of his many books. He mediated the medium of photography manipulating visual facts in an era when “the camera never lied”. Yet always he began with images that others provided him. Photographers and advancing photo-technology were essential and when they changed, his imagery changed, and between 1922 and 1965 both changed often. Once a craft practiced by skilled technicians with large-format cameras and glass plate negatives, by the mid-1930s, architectural photography had become an art that could be executed by amateurs with hand-held cameras, faster films, and superb lenses. This altered the nature of the photograph and subsequently Le Corbusier’s understanding of his endeavor. For him, photography never simply documented a completed building, it created a new one. He saw through photography.
Copyright (c) 2020 Daniel Naegele https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Though unalike in personality, functionalist architects Johannes Hendrik (Jo) van den Broek (1898-1978) and Jacob Berend (Jaap) Bakema (1914-1981) were inextricably bound up with each other both as partners in their Rotterdam office, Van den Broek and Bakema Architects, and as professors at the Technical College of Delft. [Fig. 1] Each represents a type of Dutch functionalism. Van den Broek was one of the founders of Nieuwe Bouwen, the modernist movement in Dutch architecture and construction after 1930; Bakema was among the enthusiastic architects of the post-war period moving modernist architecture in a new direction. Van den Broek and Bakema were two outstanding and outspoken characters, invariably typified in architectural historical literature as opposites: the analyst and the idealist, the pragmatist and the philosopher, the schoolmaster and the priest. Van den Broek and Bakema Architects was a key player in the postwar reconstruction of the Netherlands. Despite the sheer size of the task and the shortage of manpower and building materials, the Netherlands had quickly mounted a large-scale operation to rebuild bombed areas with industrially manufactured mass housing and a new cityscape. Van den Broek and Bakema Architects was known for its large-scale building projects, its problem-solving ability, and it generated new ideas about architecture, urbanism, and society. After the war, both architects were appointed extraordinary professors at the Technical College of Delft; Van den Broek from 1947 until 1964 and Bakema from 1964 until his death in 1981. Each left his mark on both architectural education and the atmosphere of the Department of Architecture. Because of the grand scale of construction in the first decades after the war, Van den Broek and Bakema asked themselves what the architect’s role and responsibility were in an increasingly technology-dominated society. It is not surprising that this question was the main theme in their teaching and in their inaugural speeches. Van den Broek gave his inaugural speech in 1948; Bakema in 1964. These two dates mark more or less the start and the completion of the post-war reconstruction. The Chair History of Architecture and Urban Planning publishes their inaugural speeches with a small critical apparatus, to discuss these professors at the Technical College and the work that they did with students; and to shed new light on a lesser known period in these men’s careers, as well as to contribute to the history of the Technical College in Delft, in particular of its role in architecture and planning education in post-war society.
Copyright (c) 2019 Evelien van Es https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
In 2002, Gunawan Tjahjono opened his inaugural speech at University of Indonesia with a reference to Vincent Van Romondt, the last remaining Dutch tutor of architecture in Indonesia, who had pioneered an approach that challenged Indonesians to think about the relationship between architecture and ‘nationbuilding’. Since independence, the topic of ‘towards an Indonesian architecture,’ has received various interpretations, with numerous references to Van Romondt. Josef Prijotomo, one of the most respected Indonesian architectural theorists, for instance, wrote an article in a newspaper in 1982 entitled: ‘Van Romondt dan peran arsitekt Indonesia [Van Romondt and the role of Indonesian architects]’. Prijotomo reminded Indonesian architects of Van Romondt’s inaugural speech and his emphasis on the importance of architecture in the nation-building of postcolonial Indonesian society. He also revisited Van Romondt’s question of whether social and cultural values of Indonesia could be the foundation for the construction of architects’ identities in this time of transition. Indonesia is a postcolonial country, and its architects engage with the spirit of decolonization by coming to terms with (instead of ignoring) their colonial past. This reflection on inaugural lectures delivered by Indonesian professors in the postcolonial era reveals a simultaneous identification with and problematization of a Dutch/European legacy of architecture. This booklet seeks to explore the theme of architecture and postcolonialism by focusing on the inaugural lectures of Gunawan Tjahjono and Josef Prijotomo as symptomatic responses to a postcolonial condition, in an effort to construct or re-work an ‘Indonesian architecture’ — a theme that was central to Van Romondt’s inaugural lecture. It addresses this theme by considering the political context against which their lectures emerged. We start with a brief and discursive discussion of institutional shifts in architecture at the time of transition, from a more technical sphere to ‘architecture’ and how such a shift has shaped architectural thinking beyond the technical, to capture the social. The discussions provide context for understanding the theme of post colonialism in the inaugural lectures of Gunawan Tjahjono and Josef Prijotomo.
Copyright (c) 2017 Abidin Kusno https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
This small booklet contains the inaugural speeches of Th. K. van Lohuizen and Cor van Eesteren on their appointments as professors at the Technical College of Delft. The texts provide novel insights into their respective teaching programs, and appear here for the first time in English. An analytical reflection on their work by the architectural historian Herman van Bergeijk introduces them.
Copyright (c) 2015 Herman van Bergeijk https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
During the 1960s, a rift between urban planners and architects increased as the first group relied on data and other facts, whereas as the second was led by artistic considerations. The two inaugural lectures of Willem Steigenga and Sam van Embden, published in English for the first time in this booklet, are important testimonies to this rift. Steigenga, originally a social geographer, was appointed in 1962 at the University of Amsterdam. He paid little attention to questions of architecture and beauty. In 1964, Van Embden became professor at the Delft Institute of Technology (TH Delft) --where he had studied under the influential Professor Granpré Molière--and dedicated his speech to the importance of form in town planning. The two lectures are preceded by an introduction written by Yvonne van Mil and Arnold van der Valk.
Copyright (c) 2024 Yvonne van Mil, Arnold van der Valk https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Spool CpA #6 issue on Human-Robot Interaction for Carbon-free Architecture reviews current tendencies in autonomous construction and human-robotic interaction in architecture. It aims at affirming and/or challenging research agendas in the domain of architectural robots and attempts to answer questions about (i) the fundamental framing of post-carbon autonomous construction, (ii) the interdependencies between machines, humans, and materials, and (iii) the different imple-mentation timeframes ranging from continuous transformation to leapfrogging.
Copyright (c) 2024 Henriette Bier, Mirco Becker, Jan Philipp Drude https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
In the spring of 2021, professors and teachers from around the world taught studio courses and seminars that focused on the destruction and rebuilding of Beirut following the massive explosion that took place in the port on August 4, 2020. Some of these courses were taught collaboratively, others started as an independent project, but students and faculty attended each other’s presentations. Each studio was largely taught online due to the coronavirus crisis, which allowed for easier exchange among the groups. But it also prevented the studios from traveling to the field and closely surveying it. Faculty and students relied on presentations and input by colleagues from Beirut, material that could be found online, and documents that were available, mainly in English/French, which to a certain extent limited perspectives. Mutual interest in one another’s work led to some intriguing observations, including about pedagogical approaches and conceptual foundations. Each studio focused on specific premises, as the teachers chose diverse analytical viewpoints to address the rebuilding. At Delft University of Technology, teachers emphasized Beirut’s status as a port city and on the sea-land continuum as the analytical starting point for the design, and they collaborated with Yale University’s Alan Plattus ran a parallel seminar on the history of port cities. At the American University of Beirut (AUB), the instructors focused on the role of visionary planning for post-disaster rebuilding. In the University of Miami, neighborhood-level interventions inspired the teaching in Jean-François Lejeune upper-level spring studio. Similarly, in the German University in Cairo, Holger Gladys’s design studio focused on interventions at the neighborhood-level, namely the Karantina neighborhood, and its up-scalability to city and regional scales. At Tsinghua University, the design studio of Jian Liu and Yang Tang explored the multiple possibilities of rebuilding Beirut’s port and regenerating the city of Beirut on different scales by way of comprehensive urban design. The different interventions proposed by the teachers and the different course assignments shaped the students’ analytical viewpoints and designs. Students took different positions and pursued different objectives. Conceptual differences and approaches to research seem to have mattered as much as the location of the studio, notably the proximity to or distance from Beirut. Teachers were inspired by their local school’s philosophy and research approaches. They also were guided by their personal connection to the disaster. The Beirut-based studio focused more on theoretical approaches and abstract implications, possibly an attempt to achieve some distance between the events and the planning. Yet the Beirut-based participants also showed a strong desire to add a memorial component to the design. So, while at first glance it may seem that the Beirut team wanted to keep distance from the disaster, the design response showed extensive knowledge and understanding of the local needs and conditions. Meanwhile the participants in other locations focused on aspects that spoke more strongly to international concerns; however, many of the teams also included teachers and students with advanced knowledge of Lebanon and Beirut, and they brought that expertise to the design. The organization of the studios, the knowledge of teachers, and the production by students are explored in greater detail in this publication, raising a number of questions for further exploration. What this semester seems to have shown us is that both the form and approach to research and the set-up of teaching design studios have a strong impact on the outcomes, thus, there is a clear relationship between research and design. An explicit understanding of this relationship could help us rethink and refine studio teaching. Educational pedagogies in many fields have been carefully explored and studied; design education is a field that merits further exploration. This book aims to add to the theme of design education by presenting and collaboratively analyzing the six studios that focused on the rebuilding of the port city of Beirut following the 2020 disaster in terms of approach, methodology, teaching format, pedagogy, and more. While exploring the pedagogical aspects of these studios, the publication also considers the unique conditions of Beirut and Lebanon and the international exchange of architectural and planning ideas, including at a time of crisis. To share the insights gained through our courses, this book is structured in three parts. The first part addresses educational approaches through the lens of teaching about time and concepts. It argues that an understanding of long-term development is relevant for informed future planning. It also argues that we need to understand the conceptual framework that we employ for research and teaching. The second part presents the case of Beirut and explores the syllabi, assignments, and projects developed in all of the participating institutions. The third part engages in a conversation with Beirut-based scholar and educator, Mona Harb, to provide a retrospective reflection on the international collaborations among studios and the lessons which could be learned from it.
Copyright (c) 2024 Carola Hein, John Hanna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
As technology continues to evolve, it has made a significant impact on the field of architecture and construction. The introduction of additive manufacturing, also known as 3D printing, has transformed the way architects and construction professionals approach design and engineering. With the ability to print structures layer by layer, this technology offers a level of precision and complexity that was previously impossible. The current state of research on additive manufacturing for architecture and construction is rapidly expanding, and this book aims to provide an overview of the latest developments in this exciting field at the Technical University of Darmstadt, Delft University of Technology, and the University of Minho. The book covers the materials and processes used in additive manufacturing for construction, the challenges and opportunities of scaling up 3D printing for large-scale projects, and case studies of innovative 3D-printed structures. We explore the potential implications of additive manufacturing for sustainability, affordability, and accessibility in the construction industry. Looking to the future, we offer ideas and insights into the possibilities of 3D printing as an ecosystem. As technology continues to improve and costs decrease, additive manufacturing could become a widespread and accessible method of construction, with implications for everything from disaster relief housing to space colonization. The potential for customization and personalization in 3D printing also offers exciting possibilities for individual homeowners and small-scale projects. We aim at providing a comprehensive overview of the current state of research on additive manufacturing for architecture and construction, while also exploring the exciting potential for this technology in the years to come. We hope this book will inspire architects, engineers, and researchers to explore the possibilities of 3D printing and to embrace the opportunities for innovation and creativity that it presents.
Copyright (c) 2024 Editors, authors and Lab2PT, ISM+D and SOAP https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Om het woningtekort op te lossen moeten er jaarlijks zo’n 90.000 nieuwbouwwoningen aan het woningbestand worden toegevoegd. Transformatie van leegstaande gebouwen en herbestemming naar woningen draagt bij aan de oplossing hiervoor. Transformatie werd tot rond 2014 gezien als een oplossing voor de leegstand op de kantorenmarkt, die in de periode 2001–2013 hoog opliep, landelijk van rond 5% in 2001 tot bijna 15% in 2013. De hoge leegstand was mede het gevolg van de dotcom-crisis en de financiële crisis, die samen met technologische ontwikkelingen en een toename in flexwerken leidden tot minder benodigde vierkante meters kantoren, terwijl er juist een overschot aan kantoren werd ontwikkeld en gebouwd. Rond 2014 is een kantelpunt zichtbaar geworden. Transformatie werd steeds vaker gemotiveerd door de vraagzijde van de woningmarkt en niet meer door de aanbodzijde van de kantorenmarkt. De aandacht voor duurzaam bouwen en het verduurzamen van de bestaande gebouwenvoorraad nam toe. In het boek Transformatie van kantoorgebouwen uit 2007 werd duurzaamheid nauwelijks genoemd. Hooguit werd transformatie vermeld als intrinsiek duurzaam, omdat het gebouw werd hergebruikt. Door toegenomen energiekosten en kosten van bouwmaterialen, en door de klimaatcrisis zijn duurzaamheidsaspecten zoals energie-efficiënt, circulair en aanpasbaar bouwen echter veel belangrijker geworden, hoewel ze nog niet overal worden toegepast. Nederland kent een grote vraag naar woningen, maar daarnaast staan veel gebouwen leeg. Op veel plekken in de Randstad staan verouderde kantoorgebouwen waar geen vraag meer naar is. In het hele land komen kerken leeg te staan door vergrijzing en ontkerkelijking. Door verplaatsing van industrie uit de binnensteden naar beter bereikbare locaties of naar het buitenland verliest industrieel vastgoed zijn functie. Schoolgebouwen komen leeg te staan door vergrijzing van de buurt. Ziekenhuizen komen leeg te staan door de invoering van nieuwe zorgconcepten en schaalvergroting. Veel winkels komen leeg te staan door centralisatie en online winkelen. Gebouwen oorspronkelijk gebouwd voor deze (en andere) functies kunnen worden getransformeerd naar woningen. Versmelting van oud en nieuw draagt bij aan behoud van identiteit. Wanneer ook nog eens sprake is van architectonisch interessante gebouwen draagt transformatie bij aan behoud van het cultureel erfgoed. Transformatie kan bijdragen aan verduurzaming van de gebouwenvoorraad en het reduceren van grondstoffengebruik en sloopafval. Transformatie zou jaarlijks 10-15% van de woningproductie kunnen bijdragen. De conclusie lijkt logisch: transformeer leegstaande gebouwen naar woningen. Maar zo eenvoudig is dat niet. De eigenaren van leegstaand vastgoed en woningontwikkelaars weten elkaar niet altijd te vinden. Transformatie is anders dan nieuwbouw en vraagt om een andere benadering. Ook zijn er allerlei financieel-economische, juridische en beleidsmatige uitdagingen, zoals onzekerheid over financiële haalbaarheid en angst voor lange procedures. Daarom hebben we het initiatief genomen om dit boek juist nu uit te geven, op het moment dat we ons middenin zowel een woningcrisis als een klimaatcrisis bevinden. Met dit boek willen wij meer inzicht geven in de kansen en uitdagingen van transformatie. We laten actoren aan het woord die ervaring hebben opgedaan vanuit verschillende perspectieven, en we bespreken projecten die de breedte laten zien van de Nederlandse transformatiepraktijk. Dit boek is geschreven door onderzoekers van de TU Delft, maar we hebben ook verschillende praktijkexperts benaderd om een bijdrage te leveren. Dit heeft een breed scala aan thema’s opgeleverd. Transformatie wordt belicht vanuit verschillende invalshoeken met een focus op haalbaarheid. Vervolgens bespreken we transformatie als een duurzame ontwerp-, ontwikkel- en beheerstrategie. De rol van verschillende actoren komt aan bod in het onderdeel perspectieven: eigenaren, beleggers, projectontwikkelaars, corporaties, architecten, gebruikers en overheden. Ten slotte presenteren we een aantal transformatieprojecten.
Copyright (c) 2024 Hilde Remøy; Gerard van Bortel; Erwin Heurkens, Roeli van Venrooij https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
If the Past Teaches, What Does the Future Learn?
How can we transform urban environments to encourage durability and mediate the social price of myriad risks and vulnerability?Our work here is to build a bridge from archaeology to mainstream architectural and design theory. The study of places, landscapes, and regions links the two fields. Architecture can be shaped and enhanced by the long-term cultural and geographic perspective afforded by archaeology; architecture can offer archaeology a ride into the future. We hope that our efforts are novel enough to be inspiring and connected enough to allow existing concepts to be furthered. The bridge unites three domains: material, social, and aesthetic. We look to the past to find material technologies—new engineering and conceptual solutions to an array of problems—and the past obliges with many examples. However, these technologies in their material aspects are only part of the story. The archaeologist sees them as playing a role in a system. This system, while mechanically functional, is also profoundly social: it includes administrative structures, but also innumerable other kinds of relationships—kin groups, neighborhoods, genders—that mirror the embedded relations between humans and nature. As in architecture, systems include semantics and aesthetics: not only are these forms pleasing to the eye, but they also tell stories of history and place and give identity and meaning to the lives in which they are enmeshed. This multi-functionality and multi-vocality are inherent in past systems.
Copyright (c) 2022 Carole L. Crumley; Carrie Hritz, Christian Isendahl, Lisa J Lucero, John Meunier; John T. Murphy; Steffen Nijhuis, Payam Ostovar, Clemens Reichel, Vernon L Scarborough, Federica Sulas, T L Thurston https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
This book attempts to shed light on the ways manufacturing can address urban challenges, it exposes constraints for the manufacturing sector and provides fifty patterns for working with urban manufacturing. This book has been written as a manual to help politicians, public authorities, planners, designers and community organisations to be able to plan, discuss and collaborate by developing more productive urban manufacturing. The book is split into two parts. We first cover an abridged history of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, noting how European cities evolved rapidly by harnessing manufacturing, and then how the late twentieth century led to a radical shift in how cities work and think. We’re now at a crossroads between actors that do not see the need for manufacturing in cities and those that consider it vital for a prosperous urban future. Part of the tension comes from the fact that manufacturing is considered a ‘weak land use’ compared to activities such as real-estate development, which has been considered more financially attractive by many actors in the private and public sector. This real estate-oriented development narrative is increasingly regarded as short-sighted, but will not change without an alternative vision. We have therefore elaborated a narrative on how urban manufacturing responds to four specific challenges facing cities and how in turn manufacturing needs cities. In practice, planning and design for a topic like this is highly challenging. The second part of the book is intended as a handbook. By synthesising our research and fieldwork conducted in a number of cities, we have encountered many similarities in terms of problems, challenges and solutions for urban manufacturing. Inspired by the seminal 1977 book, ‘A Pattern Language’ we have translated our findings into fifty patterns which help render the diversity of issues concerning manufacturing more tangible. As both teamwork and negotiation are necessary, exercises and methods are provided to use the patterns. Finally, we have set out twelve key action areas as possible starting points for supporting urban manufacturing.
Copyright (c) 2020 Ben Croxford, Teresa Domenech, Birgit Hausleitner, Adrian Vickery Hill, Han Meyer, Alexandre Orban, Victor Muñoz Sanz, Fabio Vanin, Josie Warden https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Urbanism has long been considered a complex and time-consuming form of practice, challenged today more than ever by a global condition of an unsettling instability. We propose to consider this fleeting moment in time and space as a case study and platform for understanding larger trends around urbanism, densification, ecosystems, and the infrastructures that connect them. This conference proposes to expand the field of urbanism not only beyond the existing fields of expertise but also beyond the commonly accepted territory of the city. It brings forward different forms of "urbanism," found beyond the city's borders, sometimes temporary and different from familiar definitions of what is called “urban”, and not always following the rules or even dogmas of the accepted discourse of “good urbanity”. We invite researchers, policy-makers, practitioners, students and teachers to share their experiences and join us in an attempt at disrupting the common understanding of concepts such as "city,“ "settlement," "village," and "suburb", with innovative thinking. We seek an urbanism that is resilient, responsive, porous and permeable - one that can invert the late-capitalist tendencies of perpetual into an ever-expanding conception of the “urban” and its mechanisms of sustainable growth.
Copyright (c) 2023 Michal Braier, Lawrence Barth, Rachel Gottesman, Fatina Abreek-Zubiedat, Oz Fishman, Ilana Rudishevsky, Adva Matar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Design Struggles critically assesses the complicity of design in creating, perpetuating, and reinforcing social, political, and environmental problems — both today and in the past. The book proposes to brush the discipline against the grain, by problematizing Western notions of design, fostering situated, decolonial, and queer-feminist modes of disciplinary self-critique. In order to reimagine design as an unbound, ambiguous, and unfinished practice, this publication gathers a diverse array of perspectives, ranging from social and cultural theory, design history, design activism, sociology, and anthropology, to critical and political studies, with a focus on looking at design through the intersections of gender, race, ethnicity, culture, class, and beyond. It combines robust scholarly insights with engaging and accessible modes of conveyance and storytelling by bringing together an urgent and expansive array of voices and views from those engaged in struggles with, against, or around the design field.
Copyright (c) 2021 Claudia Mareis, Nina Paim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The scarcity of resources, climate change, and the digitalization of everyday life are fuelling the economy of swapping, sharing, and lending—all of which are in some way linked to a culture of commoning. In this context, we understand commons as community-based processes that use, collectively manage, and organize generally accessible resources—referring to both goods and knowledge. Commons in Design explores the meaning and impact of commons—especially knowledge-based peer commons—and acts of commoning in design. It discusses networked, participatory, and open procedures based on the commons and commoning, testing models that negotiate the use of commons within design processes. In doing so, it critically engages with questions regarding designers’ positionings, everyday practices, self-understandings, ways of working, and approaches to education. The book is divided into three parts: Part 1 Design, Identities, and Working Environment Part 2 Design, Body, and Ecology Part 3: Design, Networks, and Digital Making
Copyright (c) 2023 Christine Schranz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
Ninth Annual Conference November 2019 - Jaap Bakema Study Centre This year’s annual conference of the Jaap Bakema Study Centre (JBSC) revisits the broad topic of the digital. This time the focus is on the vast amount of data that are being generated and stored, and how to view this overload in light of new possibilities for architectural design and construction, archival and heritage practices, knowledge curation and dissemination through storytelling. The questions around digital data and especially open data leave much to explore and discover, specifically at the scale level of the building. Even if urban and media studies have completely embraced the discourse around data, what remains an open question is the impact on architectural design and the building project. The intermediary object between the scale of the user carrying around and interacting with the massively available microtechnologies and the larger territorial scale of interconnected urban spaces, both public and private, has largely been disregarded. This became also clear from the responses to our call that we sent out. It generated surprising propositions opening up new avenues we had not quite expected, from building analysis to co-creation formats as design tools, diversity and inclusion questions and data curation as historical research. The selected papers are clustered under the headings of Subjectivities, Hybridisation, Inclusions, and Precedents. Contributors do not address data and its collection as an autonomous field, they all discuss data in relation to contextualisation and alternative operativity, beyond the conventional questions of optimisation. Data are not a given, or a neutral outcome of surveillance, measuring and research, they are always curated. Data need narratives and narrators, to make sense. How to curate data, and by whom exactly and why, thus become crucial questions to assess the potential of data for architectural design, their value and meaning.
Jaap Bakema Study Centre Annual Conference
Copyright (c) 2022 Dirk van den Heuvel, Fatma Tanış, Bing van der Meer https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Eighth Annual Conference November 2019 - Jaap Bakema Study Centre To put together the programme for our annual conference has always been exciting and challenging. Part of the process is to formulate the thematic and call for papers, to review the incoming proposals of colleagues, design the session panels, and invite special guests and keynote speakers. For the eighth edition of the Jaap Bakema Study Centre Conference, the question of ethnography in architecture was quite a natural choice in hindsight. It emerged from educational concerns at our university in Delft, just as it ties in with new archival research projects at Het Nieuwe Instituut in Rotterdam around questions of decolonising our heritage and architectural collection, and socio-ecological concepts in the current architecture and urbanism discourse. The conference also naturally builds on earlier projects realised by the Jaap Bakema Study Centre, TU Delft and Het Nieuwe Instituut, including the exhibitions ‘Structuralism’ of 2014 and ‘Habitat: Expanding Architecture’ of 2018. The conference would not be possible without the help of many people. It was organised by a working committee, which included my colleagues Nelson Mota and Vanessa Grossman who work with me in the Dwelling chair and develop the special Global Housing programme, postdoc researcher Alejandro Campos Uribe, and PhD-candidates Rohan Varma and Fatma Tanis, who is also the coordinator of the Jaap Bakema Study Centre. The Advisory Board and its members Tom Avermaete, Hetty Berens, Maristella Casciato, Carola Hein, and Georg Vrachliotis helped and supported the committee throughout the reviewing and selection process. In conclusion, I would like to thank everyone for their work, just as I want to express my gratitude to the participants, the authors of the papers included in these proceedings, and to the two involved institutions, the Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment of TU Delft, and Het Nieuwe Instituut in Rotterdam, who enable the work of the Jaap Bakema Study Centre.
Copyright (c) 2021 Dirk van den Heuvel, Fatma Tanış, Sun Ah Hwang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0